Conocimientos sobre tuberculosis en trabajadores de la salud del departamento del Cauca, Colombia

Objetivos: describir el nivel de conocimientos de médicos y profesionales de enfermería respecto a factores de riesgo, cuadro clínico, diagnóstico y medidas de aislamiento para tuberculosis. Metodología: estudio transversal realizado en 8 instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (IPS) de baja complejidad de atención durante el 2017 mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario autodiligenciado. Resultados: en total 72 personas fueron encuestadas (48 médicos y 24 profesionales de enfermería), de los cuales 51,4 % fueron mujeres y 44,4 % menores de 35 años. Un 59,7 % laboraban en IPS públicas y 40,3 % en IPS privadas (incluyendo 9,7 % en IPS indígenas). El 64,4 % de los encuestados acertaron en preguntas relacionadas con la conducta o medidas de cuidado inicial al paciente y 60,8 % acertaron en su impresión diagnóstica. Hubo 66,7 % de aciertos sobre factores de riesgo, 69,4 % respecto al cuadro clínico de la enfermedad, 67,0 % en preguntas relacionadas con el diagnóstico y 47,5 % sobre medidas de aislamiento. De acuerdo con la profesión, los médicos tuvieron más porcentaje de aciertos en preguntas sobre factores de riesgo, cuadro clínico y diagnóstico mientras que los profesionales de enfermería tuvieron mejores promedios en preguntas sobre medidas de aislamiento. Conclusiones: el nivel de aciertos general fue de 62,6 %. Los porcentajes de acierto más bajos se presentaron en preguntas relacionadas con medidas de aislamiento. Estas deficiencias en conocimiento pueden influir sobre la oportunidad en el diagnóstico y el control de la enfermedad, por lo que los programas de capacitación continua sobre tuberculosis deben ser fortalecidos en estos profesionales.

Objective: to describe the level of knowledge physicians and nursing professionals have regarding risk factors, diagnosis and isolation measures for tuberculosis. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study carried out in eight health service providers (HSP) during 2017 through application of a questionnaire that was filled out by each participant. Results: a total of 72 people were surveyed (48 doctors and 24 nursing professionals) of whom 51.4% of were women and 44.4% were under 35 years of age. Among them, 59.7% worked in public HSPs while 40.3% worked in private HSPs (including 9.7% who worked in indigenous HSPs). Overall, 64.4% of the respondents were correct in the questions related to behavior or initial care measures for the patient and 60.8% were correct in their diagnosis impression. There were 66.7% correct answers on risk factors, 69.4% correct answers regarding the clinical profile of the disease, 67.0% correct answers on questions related to diagnosis and 47.5% correct answers related to isolation measures. According to the professions, physicians had a higher percentage of correct answers in questions about risk factors, clinical symptoms, and diagnosis, while nurses had better scores in questions about isolation measures. Conclusions: the general level of correct answers was 62.6%. The lowest levels of correct answers were found in questions related to isolation measures. These deficiencies in knowledge can influence the opportunity in the diagnosis and control of the disease and, as a consequence, continuous training programs on tuberculosis for these professionals should be strengthened.

Objetivos: descrever o nível de conhecimentos de médicos e profissionais de enfermagem respeito a fatores de risco, quadro clínico, diagnóstico e medidas de isolamento para tuberculoses. Metodologia: estudo transversal realizada em 8 instituições prestadoras de serviços de saúde (IPS) de baixa complexidade de atenção durante o 2017 mediante a aplicação dum questionário auto preenchido. Resultados: em total 72 pessoas foram entrevistadas (48 médicos e 24 profissionais de enfermagem), dos quais 51,4 % foram mulheres e 44,4 % menores de 35 anos. Um 59,7 % trabalham em IPS públicas e 40,3 % em IPS particulares (incluindo 9,7 % em IPS indígenas). O 64,4 % dos entrevistados acertaram em perguntas relacionadas com a conduta ou medidas de cuidado inicial ao paciente e 60,8 % acertaram em sua impressão diagnóstica. Houve 66,7 % de acertos sobre fatores de risco, 69,4 % respeito ao quadro clínico da doença, 67,0 % em perguntas relacionadas com o diagnóstico e 47,5 % sobre medidas de isolamento. De acordo com a profissão, os médicos tiveram mais porcentagem de acertos em perguntas sobre fatores de risco, quadro clínico e diagnóstico enquanto que os profissionais de enfermagem tiveram melhores médias nas perguntas sobre medidas de isolamento. Conclusões: o nível de acertos geral foi de 62,6 %. As porcentagens de acerto mais baixas se presentaram em perguntas relacionadas com medidas de isolamento. Estas deficiências em conhecimento podem influir sobre a oportunidade no diagnóstico e o controle da doença, pelo que os programas de capacitação continuam sobre tuberculoses devem ser fortalecidos nestes profissionais.

Implementation of an integrated care strategy for child contacts of tuberculosis patients: a quasi-experimental study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Childhood tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem. Although the visibility of the epidemic in this population group has increased, further research is needed. OBJECTIVE: To design, implement and evaluate an integrated care strategy for children under five years old who are household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Medellín and the Metropolitan Area. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study in which approximately 300 children who are household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients from Medellín and the Metropolitan Area will be evaluated and recruited over one year. A subgroup of these children, estimated at 85, who require treatment for latent tuberculosis, will receive an integrated care strategy that includes: some modifications of the current standardized scheme in Colombia, with rifampicin treatment daily for four months, follow-up under the project scheme with nursing personnel, general practitioners, specialists, professionals from other disciplines such as social work, psychology, and nutritionist. Additionally, transportation and food assistance will be provided to encourage treatment compliance. This strategy will be compared with isoniazid treatment received by a cohort of children between 2015 and 2018 following the standardized scheme in the country. The study was approved by the CIB Research Ethics Committee and UPB. CLINICALTRIALS: gov identifier NCT04331262. DISCUSSION: This study is expected to contribute to the development of integrated care strategies for the treatment of latent tuberculosis in children. The results will have a direct impact on the management of childhood tuberculosis contributing to achieving the goals proposed by the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04331262 . Implementation of an Integrated Care Strategy for Children Contacts of Patients with Tuberculosis. Registered 2 April 2020.

Factores asociados con el tiempo de progresión de la discapacidad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple / Factors associated with time to disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis

Objetivos. Determinar los factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y radiológicos asociados al tiempo de progresión de discapacidad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM). Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico, basado en registros de la historia clínica de pacientes del Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, entre el 2013 y 2021. La progresión a discapacidad de los pacientes con EM se definió como el tiempo hasta un aumento de por lo menos 0,5 puntos en el valor de la EDSS (del inglés Expanded Disability Status Scale), sostenido por al menos seis meses. Se usó un modelo de regresión de Cox para estimar la función de supervivencia y los hazard ratios (HR) con sus intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados. Se incluyeron 216 pacientes, de los cuales el 25% progresó a discapacidad, la mediana de supervivencia fue de 78 meses (RIC 95%: 70−83), las lesiones activas (HR = 1,94; IC 95%: 1,10−3,44), el sexo masculino (HR = 2,5; IC 95%: 1,32−4,73), y las enfermedades neurológicas (HR = 2,18; IC95%: 1,03−4,61) se asociaron en el modelo multivariado. Conclusiones. La mediana de tiempo de progresión hacia la discapacidad fue de 72 meses. Las lesiones activas captadas en resonancia magnética y el sexo masculino se asociaron con mayor progresión de la discapacidad, con resultados estadísticamente significativos en el modelo multivariado.

Objectives. To determine the sociodemographic, clinical and radiological factors associated with time to disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study with an analytical component, based on clinical records of patients at the Neurological Institute of Colombia, between 2013 and 2021. Progression to disability in MS patients was defined as the time to an increase of at least 0.5 points in the EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) score, sustained for at least six months. A Cox regression model was used to estimate the survival function and Hazard Ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results. We included 216 patients, of whom 25% progressed to disability, median survival was 78 months (95% CI: 70-83), active lesions (HR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10-3.44), cerebellar complications (HR = 2.03; 95% CI: 0. 99-4.16), being male (HR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.32-4.73), and having neurological diseases (HR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.03-4.61) were associated as risk factors. While relapsing remitting MS (HR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.31-1.26) and age at diagnosis less than 40 years (HR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.53-1.76) were associated as protective factors. Conclusions. Progression is affected by many factors, and there is no single independent factor.

Effectiveness and safety of available preventive tuberculosis treatment regimens for children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 5%-10% of individuals with untreated latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) will progress to active tuberculosis (TB). Children are at a higher risk for progression to TB disease than adults. Isoniazid prophylaxis treatment period is long and can cause liver damage. Alternatives to isoniazid, such as rifamycin containing regimens, should be considered for prophylaxis. Previous systematic reviews, with different study designs and data combining results on children and adults, have evaluated the comparative efficacy and harms of LTBI treatment regimens. We aim to determine the effectiveness and safety of all the different regimens available for the treatment of LTBI for children and adolescents less than 18 years of age, contacts of drug-susceptible TB, without HIV infection. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be systematically searched for randomised controlled trials without any language or publication date restriction. Screening and extraction will be performed in duplicate. Risk of bias will be performed in duplicate with Cochrane Risk of Bias tool V.2. Pairwise meta-analysis of direct comparisons and network meta-analyses (NMAs) will be performed. Heterogeneity will be assessed using I2 and Cochrane thresholds. Direct and indirect estimates in an NMA will be combined if justifiable. Subgroups analyses will be performed in different mean age and study year groups. Sensitivity analysis based on the risk of bias will be conducted. Publication bias will be investigated using funnel plots and Egger's regression test. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria will assess certainty of the evidence for the direct comparisons. GRADE approach for NMA will assess the quality of the evidence from the indirect and NMA. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required as no primary data are collected. This systematic review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021271512.

Factors affecting the tuberculosis program coverage at the first level of care in Honduras / Factores que afectan la cobertura del programa de tuberculosis en el primer nivel de atención en Honduras

Introduction: There is a global consensus that early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can accelerate its control and mitigate its consequences. The gradual increase in the TB mortality rate from 2014 to 2018 in Honduras, the reform of the health system in 2014, and the partial implementation of the "End TB" strategy motivated this study. Objective: To analyze barriers to and facilitators of diagnosis and treatment affecting the national TB program coverage using data from 2015 to 2019 and provide tools for the effective implementation of the "End TB" strategy in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Materials and methods: This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study on smear-positive pulmonary TB patients older than 18 years of age. TB notification sheets and medical records from two primary health care facilities were reviewed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with health care providers, patients, and their families. Results: A total of 74.6% of the cases (297/398) did not receive a timely diagnosis; 62.3% (185/297) were men, 80.8% (240/297) were adults, 53.7% (108/297) had less than high school education, 49.2% (123/297) had some occupation, and 98.2% of participants received timely treatment. Identified barriers included low socioeconomic conditions, lack of coordination between public and private health systems, and boundaries set by gangs. Identified facilitators included good care and attitude of the health care personnel and the availability of medications. Conclusions: The lack of opportunity to diagnose the disease affected the coverage of the national TB program due to cultural and health care barriers.

Introducción. Hay consenso global en que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces de la tuberculosis pueden acelerar su control y mitigar sus consecuencias. En Honduras, la tasa de mortalidad por la enfermedad aumentó gradualmente entre 2014 y 2018, a lo que se suman las reformas en el sistema de salud del 2014 y la implementación parcial de la estrategia "Fin a la TB". Objetivo. Analizar las barreras y los elementos facilitadores del diagnóstico y el tratamiento que afectan la cobertura del programa nacional de tuberculosis, con el fin de brindar herramientas para la implementación efectiva de la estrategia "Fin a la TB" en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 2015-2019. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio mixto secuencial y explicativo de pacientes mayores de 18 años con tuberculosis pulmonar positivos en la baciloscopia. Se revisaron las fichas de notificación de la enfermedad y las historias clínicas en dos establecimientos de salud de primer nivel y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de salud, los pacientes y los familiares. Resultados. En el 74,6 % (297/398) de los casos no hubo diagnóstico oportuno. En este grupo, se encontró una mayor proporción de hombres (62,3 %; 185/297) y de adultos (80,8 %; 240/297); predominó un nivel de escolaridad inferior a la secundaria (53,7 %; 108/297); el 49,2 % (123/297) de los pacientes tenía alguna ocupación, y el 98,2 % había recibido tratamiento oportuno. Se detectaron las siguientes barreras: condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, desarticulación del sistema de salud público y privado, y límites fronterizos entre maras y pandillas. Los elementos facilitadores fueron la buena atención y la actitud del personal de salud, y la disponibilidad y reserva de tratamiento. Conclusiones. La falta de oportunidad en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis afectó la cobertura del programa nacional como resultado de las barreras culturales y de atención en salud.

Occult bacteraemia in children with fever without focus though previously vaccinated against pneumococcus.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have reduced the rate of occult bacteraemia in developed countries. However, reports on the incidence of occult bacteraemia in tropical regions are scarce. The aim of our study was to determine its frequency in children consulting for fever without focus in Colombia after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. We concluded that in tropical areas, testing for occult bacteraemia should be considered regardless of previous pneumococcal conjugate vaccination status.

Factores que afectan la cobertura del programa de tuberculosis en el primer nivel de atención en Honduras / Factors affecting the tuberculosis program coverage at the first level of care in Honduras

Introducción. Hay consenso global en que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces de la tuberculosis pueden acelerar su control y mitigar sus consecuencias. En Honduras, la tasa de mortalidad por la enfermedad aumentó gradualmente entre 2014 y 2018, a lo que se suman las reformas en el sistema de salud del 2014 y la implementación parcial de la estrategia "Fin a la TB". Objetivo. Analizar las barreras y los elementos facilitadores del diagnóstico y el tratamiento que afectan la cobertura del programa nacional de tuberculosis, con el fin de brindar herramientas para la implementación efectiva de la estrategia "Fin a la TB" en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 2015-2019. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio mixto secuencial y explicativo de pacientes mayores de 18 años con tuberculosis pulmonar positivos en la baciloscopia. Se revisaron las fichas de notificación de la enfermedad y las historias clínicas en dos establecimientos de salud de primer nivel y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de salud, los pacientes y los familiares. Resultados. En el 74,6 % (297/398) de los casos no hubo diagnóstico oportuno. En este grupo, se encontró una mayor proporción de hombres (62,3 %; 185/297) y de adultos (80,8 %; 240/297); predominó un nivel de escolaridad inferior a la secundaria (53,7 %; 108/297); el 49,2 % (123/297) de los pacientes tenía alguna ocupación, y el 98,2 % había recibido tratamiento oportuno. Se detectaron las siguientes barreras: condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, desarticulación del sistema de salud público y privado, y límites fronterizos entre maras y pandillas. Los elementos facilitadores fueron la buena atención y la actitud del personal de salud, y la disponibilidad y reserva de tratamiento. Conclusiones. La falta de oportunidad en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis afectó la cobertura del programa nacional como resultado de las barreras culturales y de atención en salud.

Introduction: There is a global consensus that early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can accelerate its control and mitigate its consequences. The gradual increase in the TB mortality rate from 2014 to 2018 in Honduras, the reform of the health system in 2014, and the partial implementation of the "End TB" strategy motivated this study. Objective: To analyze barriers to and facilitators of diagnosis and treatment affecting the national TB program coverage using data from 2015 to 2019 and provide tools for the effective implementation of the "End TB" strategy in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Materials and methods: This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study on smear-positive pulmonary TB patients older than 18 years of age. TB notification sheets and medical records from two primary health care facilities were reviewed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with health care providers, patients, and their families. Results: A total of 74.6% of the cases (297/398) did not receive a timely diagnosis; 62.3% (185/297) were men, 80.8% (240/297) were adults, 53.7% (108/297) had less than high school education, 49.2% (123/297) had some occupation, and 98.2% of participants received timely treatment. Identified barriers included low socioeconomic conditions, lack of coordination between public and private health systems, and boundaries set by gangs. Identified facilitators included good care and attitude of the health care personnel and the availability of medications. Conclusions: The lack of opportunity to diagnose the disease affected the coverage of the national TB program due to cultural and health care barriers.

Reproducibility of a protocol for standardized reading of chest X-rays of children household contact of patients with tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: The interpretation of the chest radiograph may vary because it depends on the reader and due to the non-specificity of findings in tuberculosis (TB). We aim to assess the reproducibility of a standardized chest radiograph reading protocol in contacts of patients with pulmonary TB under the 5 years of age. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with children under the age of five, household contacts of patients with confirmed pulmonary TB from Medellín, Bello and Itagüí (Colombia) between Jan-01-2015 and May-31-2016. Standardized reading protocol: two radiologists, blinded independent reading, use of template (Dr. Andronikou design) in case of disagreement a third reading was performed. Kappa coefficient for intra and inter observer agreement, and prevalence ratio were estimated of sociodemographic characteristics, TB exposure and interpretation of chest X-ray. RESULTS: From 278 children, standardized reading found 255 (91.7%) normal X-rays, 10 (3.6%) consistent with TB, and 13 (4.7%) other alterations. Global agreement was 91.3% (Kappa = 0.51). Inter-observer agreement between readers 1-2 was 90.0% (Kappa = 0.59) and 1-3 93.2% (Kappa = 0.59). Intra-observer agreement for reader 1 was 95.5% (Kappa = 0.86), 2 84.0% (Kappa = 0.51), and 3 94.7% (Kappa = 0.68). Greater inter-observer disagreement was between readers 1-2 for soft tissue density suggestive of adenopathy (4.6%), airspace opacification (1.17%) and pleural effusion (0.58%); between readers 1-3 for soft tissue density suggestive of adenopathy (4.2%), opacification of airspace (2.5%) and cavities (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Chest radiographs are an affordable tool that contributes to the diagnosis of TB, so having a standardized reading protocol showed good agreement and improves the reproducibility of radiograph interpretation.

Barriers and facilitators for isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) administration in children under 5 years of age in the Dominican Republic.

INTRODUCTION: Throughout the world tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death due to an infectious agent. The World Health Organization promotes Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) in children under 5 years who are contacts of persons diagnosed with smear-positive pulmonary TB (SPPTB). In 2019, 33% of children identified as contacts received IPT globally, while in the Americas 11 countries reached coverages ≥ 75%, only 35% did so in the Dominican Republic (DR). The aim of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators for IPT administration in children under 5 in the Area IV Directorate of Health of the DR's National District. METHODS: Descriptive study, using mixed methods and sequential explanatory approach. We characterized children under 5 years who were contacts of a person with SPPTB. Later, semi-structured interviews and content analysis allowed identification of barriers and facilitators for IPT administration in children who were contacts of a person diagnosed with SPPTB, as perceived by relatives and health system personnel. RESULTS: A total of 238 children were identified as contacts of 174 persons with SPPTB: 36% of these received IPT while no data on IPT administration was found for 11% of them. The proportion of children who had a tuberculin skin test (TST) done was < 20%. However, those who had the test done had a greater opportunity to receive IPT (OR: 8.12, CI 95%: 1.60-41.35). Barriers identified include socioeconomic conditions of children and families, stigma, lack of information in clinical and follow-up records, lack of coordination between public and private providers and lack of coherence within national regulations. Facilitators include home based care of persons with TB and their contacts, transfer of treatment to a health centre near household, isoniazid availability, provision of information by health-workers and economic support for food and transportation. CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete data, lack of use of TST to rule out active TB, socioeconomic and cultural conditions, were barriers for IPT administration. Implementation of a person centred approach to care was found to be the main facilitator for IPT uptake. Administration of IPT depends predominantly on modifiable health system factors. This allows rapid identification of strategies to improve IPT administration.

Factors associated with time to disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis. / Factores asociados con el tiempo de progresión de la discapacidad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple.

OBJECTIVES.: Motivation for the study: multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease that requires management by different disciplines. Data on Latin American patients is scarce, therefore, the usually used theoretical references are from other population groups. Main findings: sociodemographic (male), clinical (concomitant neurological diseases) and radiological (active lesions in magnetic resonance imaging) factors were found to be associated with disease progression. Implications: taking the above into account when approaching patients in daily clinical practice, it is possible to identify when their condition has greater possibilities of progression and thus eventually prevent complications. To determine the sociodemographic, clinical and radiological factors associated with time to disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Cross-sectional descriptive study with an analytical component, based on clinical records of patients at the Neurological Institute of Colombia, between 2013 and 2021. Progression to disability in MS patients was defined as the time to an increase of at least 0.5 points in the EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) score, sustained for at least six months. A Cox regression model was used to estimate the survival function and Hazard Ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS.: We included 216 patients, of whom 25% progressed to disability, median survival was 78 months (95% CI: 70-83), active lesions (HR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10-3.44), cerebellar complications (HR = 2.03; 95% CI: 0. 99-4.16), being male (HR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.32-4.73), and having neurological diseases (HR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.03-4.61) were associated as risk factors. While relapsing remitting MS (HR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.31-1.26) and age at diagnosis less than 40 years (HR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.53-1.76) were associated as protective factors. CONCLUSIONS.: Progression is affected by many factors, and there is no single independent factor.

OBJETIVOS.: Motivación para realizar el estudio: la esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad compleja que requiere manejo por diferentes disciplinas, en la literatura científica existen pocos datos de pacientes latinoamericanos, por ende, los referentes teóricos son de otros grupos poblacionales. Principales hallazgos: se encontró que factores sociodemográficos (sexo masculino), clínicos (enfermedades neurológicas concomitantes) y radiológicos (lesiones activas captadas en resonancia magnética) se asociaron con la progresión de la enfermedad. Implicancias: teniendo en cuenta lo anterior al momento de abordar los pacientes en la práctica clínica diaria, se puede clasificar su condición con mayores posibilidades de progresión y así eventualmente prevenir complicaciones. Determinar los factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y radiológicos asociados al tiempo de progresión de discapacidad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio transversal analítico, basado en registros de la historia clínica de pacientes del Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, entre el 2013 y 2021. La progresión a discapacidad de los pacientes con EM se definió como el tiempo hasta un aumento de por lo menos 0,5 puntos en el valor de la EDSS (del inglés Expanded Disability Status Scale), sostenido por al menos seis meses. Se usó un modelo de regresión de Cox para estimar la función de supervivencia y los hazard ratios (HR) con sus intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS.: Se incluyeron 216 pacientes, de los cuales el 25% progresó a discapacidad, la mediana de supervivencia fue de 78 meses (RIC 95%: 70−83), las lesiones activas (HR = 1,94; IC 95%: 1,10−3,44), el sexo masculino (HR = 2,5; IC 95%: 1,32−4,73), y las enfermedades neurológicas (HR = 2,18; IC95%: 1,03−4,61) se asociaron en el modelo multivariado. CONCLUSIONES.: La mediana de tiempo de progresión hacia la discapacidad fue de 72 meses. Las lesiones activas captadas en resonancia magnética y el sexo masculino se asociaron con mayor progresión de la discapacidad, con resultados estadísticamente significativos en el modelo multivariado.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Incidence and severity in premature infants born at high altitude.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common cause of chronic lung disease in children born prematurely. There is little information about the epidemiology and severity of BPD places with high altitude. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of BPD severity levels and the associated risk factors with severity in a cohort of preterm newborns ≤36weeks of gestational age born in Rionegro, Colombia MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective analytical cohort of preterm newborns without major malformations from Rionegro, Colombia between 2011 and 2018 admitted to neonatal intensive unit at high altitude (2200 m above sea level). The main outcomes were the incidence and severity of BPD. RESULTS: The BPD incidence was 23.5% 95% (confidence interval [CI], 19.6-27.7). BPD was grade 1 in 69.9%, grade 2 in 15.5% and grade 3 in 14.5% of patients. After modeling regression analysis, the final variables associated with BPD severity levels were: sepsis (odds ratio [OR], 4.15; 95% CI, 1.33-12.96) and pulmonary hypertension (OR: 3.86; 95% CI, 1.30-11.4). CONCLUSION: The incidence of BPD was higher and similar to cities with higher altitudes. In our population, the variables associated with BPD severity levels were: sepsis and pulmonary hypertension. It is necessary to increase the awareness of risk factors, the effect of clinical practices, and early recognition of BPD to reduce morbidity in patients with this pathology.

Relación del volumen de agua corporal total, el extracelular, y preeclampsia. Revisión narrativa de la literatura / Relation of total and extracellular body water and preeclampsia. Literature review

RESUMEN La preeclampsia es una importante causa de mortalidad materna mundial, identificar de manera temprana las gestantes con riesgo de desarrollarla, es una medida preventiva de gran impacto. La medición del agua corporal se ha documentado desde 1994, y desde 2015 se demostró su relación con el riesgo de desarrollar preeclampsia. Por lo anterior se realizó una revisión de la relación del agua corporal y la preeclampsia hasta junio de 2019, con 17 artículos seleccionados. Producto de la revisión se concluyó que la medición del agua corporal en gestantes podría detectar la aparición de preeclampsia para establecer un seguimiento estricto temprano a las mujeres con mayor riesgo de presentarla. Estas mediciones se realizan con métodos sencillos, no invasivos y de bajo costo, como la impedancia eléctrica por análisis espectral. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios con mayor rigor metodológico para el estudio de una prueba diagnóstica como la que se propone. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 49-60.

ABSTRACT Preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Early identification of pregnant women at risk of developing it is a preventive measure of great impact. Body water measurement has been documented since 1994, and since 2015 it was stablished its relationship with risk of developing preeclampsia. Therefore, a review of the relationship between body water and preeclampsia was carried out until June 2019, with 17 papers selected. As a result of the review, it was concluded that the measurement of body water in pregnant women could detect the appearance of preeclampsia to establish a strict early follow-up of women with a higher risk of presenting it. These measurements are made with simple, non-invasive and low-cost procedure, such as electrical impedance by spectral analysis. However, studies with greater methodological rigor are required for the study of a diagnostic test such as the one proposed. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(2): 49-60.

Traumatismo craneoencefálico en niños. Hospital General de Medellín y Clínica Somer de Rionegro, 2010-2017 / Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Hospital General of Medellin and Clínica Somer of Rionegro, 2010- 2017

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las características sociodemográficas, aspectos clínicos y complicaciones de los niños de 0 a 10 años de edad que sufrieron traumatismo craneoencefálico, atendidos en el Hospital General de Medellín y en la Clínica Somer de Rionegro entre los años 2010 y 2017. Métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, toma como fuente de información las historias clínicas de los niños con diagnósticos relacionados con el traumatismo craneoencefálico entre 2010-2017. Se calcularon las proporciones de las variables sociodemográficas, circunstanciales, espacio-temporales y clínicas. Resultados: se encontraron 224 pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico, el 64,7 % de los casos fueron de sexo masculino, la edad promedio fue de 4,5 años. El trauma ocurrió con mayor frecuencia en el domicilio del paciente entre los días de la semana en las horas de la tarde. La causa principal del trauma fue caída (75 %), seguido por accidentes de tránsito (13,3 %). La gravedad del traumatismo se midió con la escala de coma de Glasgow, el 78 % fue leve, hubo un caso fatal y 7 (3 %) tuvieron complicaciones motoras durante la hospitalización. Conclusión: los hallazgos de este estudio coinciden con las principales características del traumatismo craneoencefálico de la población pediátrica en el mundo, amplía la información regional y local para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico y seguimiento a largo plazo de los pacientes.

SUMMARY Objective: To describe the demography, clinical presentation and complications associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a cohort of children, ages 0-10, treated at Hospital General de Medellín and Clínica Somer between 2010-2017. Methods: Cross sectional retrospective study chart review of all children with a diagnosis of TBI between 2010 and 2017. There were systematic review and recording of demographic information, mechanism of injury, clinical presentation, and associated complications. Results: A total of 224 patients with TBI were identified. Among them, 64.7% were males and mean age was 4.5 years. Injuries most frequently occurred at the patient's home, during the afternoon hours and between Monday and Friday. The most common mechanisms of injury were falls (75%), followed by motor vehicle accidents (13.3%). Severity of injury, measured by Glasgow coma scale, found that 78% of cases were mild. Seven (3%) of cases had neuromuscular complications during hospitalization and one TBI related death was identified. Conclusion: Findings of this study are consistent with the known characteristics of pediatric TBI worldwide. This information may be used to improve prevention, diagnosis, and long term follow-up.

Risk of infection and disease progression in children exposed to tuberculosis at home, Colombia / Riesgo de infección y progresión de la enfermedad en niños expuestos a tuberculosis en el hogar, Colombia

Abstract Aim: To assess the risk of tuberculosis (infection and disease) in children less than 15 years' old who are household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in three Colombian cities (Medellín, Cali, and Popayán). Methods: A cohort of 1,040 children household contacts of 380 adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was followed up for 24 months. Study period 2005-2009. Results: Tuberculin skin test was positive (≥10 mm) in 43.7% (95% CI: 39.2-48.2). Tuberculin skin test positivity was associated with age 10-14 years (Prevalence Ratio -PR= 1.43, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), having a BCG vaccine scar (PR= 1.52, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), underweight, closer proximity to the index case and exposure time >3 months. The annual risk of infection (tuberculin skin test induration increase of 6 mm or more per year) was 17% (95% CI: 11.8-22.2) and was associated with a bacillary load of the adult index case (Relative Risk -RR= 2.12, 95% CI: 1.0-4.3). The incidence rate of active tuberculosis was 12.4 cases per 1,000 persons-year. Children <5 years without BCG vaccine scar had a greater risk of developing active disease (Hazard Ratio -HR= 6.00, 95% CI: 1.3-28.3) than those with scar (HR= 1.33, 95% CI: 0.5-3.4). The risk of developing active tuberculosis augmented along with the increase from initial tuberculin skin test (tuberculin skin test 5-9 mm HR= 8.55, 95% CI: 2.5-29.2; tuberculin skin test ≥10 mm HR= 8.16, 95% CI: 2.0-32.9). Conclusions: There is a need for prompt interruption of adult-to-children tuberculosis transmission within households. Conducting proper contact investigation and offering chemoprophylaxis to infected children could reduce tuberculosis transmission.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo de tuberculosis (infección y enfermedad) en niños menores de 15 años de edad convivientes de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar en tres ciudades colombianas (Medellín, Cali y Popayán). Métodos: Se siguió durante 24 meses una cohorte de 1,040 niños convivientes de 380 adultos con tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera. Periodo de estudio 2005-2009. Resultados: La prueba de tuberculina fue positiva (≥10 mm) en el 43.7% (IC 95%: 39.2-48.2), y estuvo asociada con la edad de 10-14 años (Razón de Prevalencia-RP= 1.43, IC 95%: 1.1-1.9), tener cicatriz de la vacuna BCG (RP= 1.52, IC 95%: 1.1-2.1). El riesgo anual de infección (aumento de la induración en la prueba de tuberculina de 6 mm o más al año) fue 17% (IC 95%: 11.8-22.2), y estuvo asociado con mayor carga bacilar en el adulto con tuberculosis pulmonar (Riesgo Relativo-RR= 2.12, IC 95%: 1.0-4.3). La tasa de incidencia de tuberculosis activa fue de 12.4 casos por 1,000 años-persona de seguimiento. Los niños menores de 5 años sin cicatriz de vacuna BCG tuvieron un mayor riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa (Razón de Peligro -HR= 6.00, IC 95%: 1.3-28.3), que quienes tenían cicatriz (HR= 1.33, IC 95%: 0.5-3.4). El riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa aumentó conforme el aumento de la prueba de tuberculina inicial (prueba de tuberculina 5-9 mm HR= 8.55, IC 95%: 2.5-29.2; prueba de tuberculina ≥10 mm HR= 8.16, IC 95%: 2.0-32.9). Conclusión: Es necesario interrumpir rápidamente la transmisión de tuberculosis de adultos a niños en los hogares. Realizar investigaciones de contacto apropiadas y ofrecer quimioprofilaxis a los niños infectados podría reducir la transmisión de la tuberculosis.

Integrated Care for Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) at a Primary Health Care Facility for Refugees in Winnipeg, Canada: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation.

Although Canada has one of the lowest tuberculosis incidence rates in the world, certain groups are disproportionately affected, including foreign born people from high incidence countries. The Winnipeg Regional Health Authority has initiated a process to decentralize latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management at primary care clinics in Winnipeg. One of these clinics is BridgeCare Clinic which provides services to government-assisted refugees. The present study describes the BridgeCare Clinic LTBI program and reviews program outcomes from January 2015 to October 2016. Refugees at BridgeCare Clinic receive comprehensive care, including LTBI screening and treatment. The LTBI program is managed by physicians, nurse practitioners, and primary care nurses under a patient-centered model of care. An accessible interpretation service, education to clients, and laboratory sampling at the clinic with free IGRA testing are important components of the program. Anonymized data on client outcomes were statistically analyzed and qualitative interviews were conducted with senior staff. During the study period, 274 IGRA tests were ordered with 158 negative results (57.7%) and 101 positive results (36.9%). Of 45 clients eligible (from January to December 2015) for LTBI treatment, 11 (24.4%) declined to receive treatment and 34 (75.6%) started treatment. Twenty-seven (79.4%) clients completed treatment, 3 (8.8%) clients moved out of province, and 4 (11.8%) did not complete treatment. The most recent World Health Organization strategy for tuberculosis control calls for integrated, patient-centered care and prevention. Aligned with these WHO recommendations, our experience suggests that LTBI care and treatment can be delivered effectively in a primary care setting using an integrated patient-centered approach.

Risk of infection and disease progression in children exposed to tuberculosis at home, Colombia.

AIM: To assess the risk of tuberculosis (infection and disease) in children less than 15 years' old who are household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in three Colombian cities (Medellín, Cali, and Popayán). METHODS: A cohort of 1,040 children household contacts of 380 adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was followed up for 24 months. Study period 2005-2009. RESULTS: Tuberculin skin test was positive (≥10 mm) in 43.7% (95% CI: 39.2-48.2). Tuberculin skin test positivity was associated with age 10-14 years (Prevalence Ratio -PR= 1.43, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), having a BCG vaccine scar (PR= 1.52, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), underweight, closer proximity to the index case and exposure time >3 months. The annual risk of infection (tuberculin skin test induration increase of 6 mm or more per year) was 17% (95% CI: 11.8-22.2) and was associated with a bacillary load of the adult index case (Relative Risk -RR= 2.12, 95% CI: 1.0-4.3). The incidence rate of active tuberculosis was 12.4 cases per 1,000 persons-year. Children <5 years without BCG vaccine scar had a greater risk of developing active disease (Hazard Ratio -HR= 6.00, 95% CI: 1.3-28.3) than those with scar (HR= 1.33, 95% CI: 0.5-3.4). The risk of developing active tuberculosis augmented along with the increase from initial tuberculin skin test (tuberculin skin test 5-9 mm HR= 8.55, 95% CI: 2.5-29.2; tuberculin skin test ≥10 mm HR= 8.16, 95% CI: 2.0-32.9). CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for prompt interruption of adult-to-children tuberculosis transmission within households. Conducting proper contact investigation and offering chemoprophylaxis to infected children could reduce tuberculosis transmission.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el riesgo de tuberculosis (infección y enfermedad) en niños menores de 15 años de edad convivientes de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar en tres ciudades colombianas (Medellín, Cali y Popayán). MÉTODOS: Se siguió durante 24 meses una cohorte de 1,040 niños convivientes de 380 adultos con tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera. Periodo de estudio 2005-2009. Resultados: La prueba de tuberculina fue positiva (≥10 mm) en el 43.7% (IC 95%: 39.2-48.2), y estuvo asociada con la edad de 10-14 años (Razón de Prevalencia-RP= 1.43, IC 95%: 1.1-1.9), tener cicatriz de la vacuna BCG (RP= 1.52, IC 95%: 1.1-2.1). El riesgo anual de infección (aumento de la induración en la prueba de tuberculina de 6 mm o más al año) fue 17% (IC 95%: 11.8-22.2), y estuvo asociado con mayor carga bacilar en el adulto con tuberculosis pulmonar (Riesgo Relativo-RR= 2.12, IC 95%: 1.0-4.3). La tasa de incidencia de tuberculosis activa fue de 12.4 casos por 1,000 años-persona de seguimiento. Los niños menores de 5 años sin cicatriz de vacuna BCG tuvieron un mayor riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa (Razón de Peligro -HR= 6.00, IC 95%: 1.3-28.3), que quienes tenían cicatriz (HR= 1.33, IC 95%: 0.5-3.4). El riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis activa aumentó conforme el aumento de la prueba de tuberculina inicial (prueba de tuberculina 5-9 mm HR= 8.55, IC 95%: 2.5-29.2; prueba de tuberculina ≥10 mm HR= 8.16, IC 95%: 2.0-32.9). CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesario interrumpir rápidamente la transmisión de tuberculosis de adultos a niños en los hogares. Realizar investigaciones de contacto apropiadas y ofrecer quimioprofilaxis a los niños infectados podría reducir la transmisión de la tuberculosis.

Estudio y manejo clínico de menores que conviven con pacientes de tuberculosis pulmonar, Medellín 2010-2011 / Study and clinical management of child household contacts of tuberculosis patients, Medellin 2010-2011 / Estudo e manejo clínico de menores conviventes com pacientes de tuberculose pulmonar, Medellín 2010-2011

Introducción: el tratamiento para tuberculosis latente disminuye el riesgo de infección de los niños que conviven con pacientes de dicha enfermedad. Objetivo: describir el estudio y manejo clínico de los menores de 5 años que convivían en Medellín con pacientes de tuberculosis pulmonar en el período 2010-1011. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional de corte. Se exploró la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de manejo de los niños y los casos índice. Resultados: 28,6% fueron estudiados al menos con radiografía de tórax y prueba de tuberculina. De los evaluados clínicamente, 7,9% tenían tuberculosis activa; de los demás, 19,4% recibieron tratamiento para tuberculosis latente. Hubo mayor oportunidad de ser estudiado si el conviviente tenía régimen de salud contributivo o subsidiado (OR ajustado: 6,7; IC 95%: 1,5-30,5). La oportunidad de recibir tratamiento para tuberculosis latente se relacionó con la prueba de tuberculina (OR ajustado: 40,2; IC 95%: 2,59-623,6). Conclusión: los menores no estaban siendo adecuadamente estudiados ni recibían el tratamiento apropiado, por lo que su prevalencia de tuberculosis activa no disminuyó. Se requiere crear un protocolo estandarizado para el manejo de los menores en similares condiciones y supervisar su aplicación.

Introduction: Treatment for latent tuberculosis decreases the risk of this infection in children who are household contacts of patients with such disease. Objective: To describe the study and clinical management of children under 5 years of age who were household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Medellin, Colombia during the period 2010-2011. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. The relationship between socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and the management of children and index cases was explored. Results: 28.6% were studied with at least chest X rays and tuberculin skin test. Of those who attended clinical evaluation, 7.9% had active tuberculosis; out of the remaining, 19.4% received treatment for latent tuberculosis. The probability of being studied was higher if the household contact had contributory or subsidized health coverage (adjusted OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 1.5-30.5). The opportunity to receive treatment for latent tuberculosis was related to the tuberculin skin test (adjusted OR: 40.2; 95% CI: 2.59-623.6). Conclusion: The household contacts had not been adequately studied, and did not receive the right treatment, so the prevalence of active tuberculosis among them did not decrease. It is necessary to establish a standardized protocol for the management of children living under similar conditions, and to monitor its implementation.

Introdução: o tratamento para tuberculose latente diminui o risco de infecção dos meninos que convivem com pacientes de dita doença. Objetivo: descrever o estudo e manejo clínico dos menores de 5 anos que conviviam em Medellín com pacientes de tuberculose pulmonar no período 2010- 1011. Materiais e métodos: estudo observacional de corte. Explorou-se a relação entre as características sóciodemográficas, clínicas e de manejo das crianças e os casos índice. Resultados: 28,6% foram estudados ao menos com radiografia de tórax e prova de tuberculina. Dos avaliados clinicamente, 7,9% tinham tuberculose ativa; dos demais, 19,4% receberam tratamento para tuberculose latente. Teve maior oportunidade de ser estudado se o convivente tinha regime de saúde tributável ou subsidiado (OR ajustado: 6,7; IC 95%: 1,5-30,5). A oportunidade de receber tratamento para tuberculose latente se relacionou com a prova de tuberculina (OR ajustado: 40,2; IC 95%: 2,59-623,6). Conclusão: os menores estudados não estavam sendo adequadamente estudados nem recebiam o tratamento apropriado, pelo que sua prevalência de tuberculose ativa não diminuiu. Requer-se criar um protocolo padronizado para o manejo dos menores em similares condições e supervisionar sua aplicação.